Voting Rules

Change, History.

The best voting rules are inclusive, well centered and decisive.
The results can make a group more popular, stable and quick.

	Voting-Rule Primer	See the merits of 5 great rules.
	Voting-Rule Workshop	See the simple steps in each tally.

Democratic Solutions
This site shows ways to help democracyin any size from classroom to nation, and at all steps from choosing nominees to setting budgets. The concepts and tools build from one voting task to the next:

	Single-Winner Election	Condorcet rules pick a widely-popular and central chairperson.
	Multi-Winner Election	Proportional Representation builds a diverse and balanced council.
	Mixed-Member Council	The chair and reps make a centered and balanced council. New

	Policy Decision	Condorcet and rules of order lead to a central policy. New
	Project Selection	Fair-share Spending lets all big groups choose projects. New
	Budget Setting	Budget Refill Voting quickly sets all agency budgets. New

Tragedies of Democracy

These tragedies were caused by several voting rules often used by nations and towns, co-ops and corporate boards.

A. In South Korea's 1987 presidential election, two liberals faced the heir of a military dictatorship. The liberals got a majority of the votes but split their supporters; so the conservative won under a plurality vote-counting rule. These rules elect whoever gets the most votes; 50% is not required. The winner claimed a mandate to continue repressive policies. Years later he was convicted of treason in the tragic killing of pro-democracy demonstrators.

B. Old ways of adding up votes fail to represent large groups in many places. In North Carolina, there were enough black voters to fill two election districts. But they were a 25% minority spread over eight districts. So, for over 100 years they won no seats in Congress. As voters they were invisible.

C. The Northwestern U.S. has been ripped apart for over 30 years, as forestry laws are reversed again and again. Hasty logging in times of weak regulation wastes resources. Sudden limits on logging bankrupt some workers and small businesses. A political pendulum swings; it cuts down forests and species, families and towns.

What's Wrong?
after George H. Hallett Jr.

Our defective voting rules come from the failure to see there are different jobs for voting. And these require different types of voting. “We try to carry over to more complicated situations a method which is only suitable in deciding the simplest sort of issue, that is, whether a question with only two possible answers shall be answered yes or no.” “For such an issue a simple majority election is, of course, sufficient.”

But as soon as three candidates run for one office, the race becomes more complicated. Then a yes-no vote is no longer suitable.

Sometimes what we want is not a solitary officer, but a council that represents all the voters. Then we do not need a system of dividing voters into winners and losers. Instead, we need a way of condensing them, in the right proportions, into their chosen leaders.

A soapbox supports the shoes of a speaker.

DEMOCRACY EVOLVES

Eras, Election Rules and Typical Councils

Humor for politicians: Who wrote, “He is a barbarian and
thinks the customs of his tribe... are the laws of nature.”
1) George Bernard Shaw, 2) Voltaire, 3) Pat Robertson, 4) Le Pen ?

4 light reps stand left of center, 5 dark reps to the right.
$ $ $ LAWS $ $ $
Typical Council Elected by a Plurality Rule
The 1800s: Winner-Take-All Districts lead to Off-Center Councils.
Some English-speaking nations still use England's old plurality rule. It elects only one representative from a district, and winning it does not require a majority. So only the largest party in a district is represented. This rule tends to reward just two big political parties. Voters get just two real candidates, who offer just two kinds of policies — a very limited choice. The largest party (blue in picture) rules the council. A small change in the popular vote can shift all power, making policies swerve from side to side. This is a war of winner take all.

1 rep stands far left, 3 left of center, 0 at center, 4 on right, 1 far right.

$ $ $ LAWS $ $ $

Typical Council Elected by a PR Rule

1900s: Fair-Share Representation leads to Off-Center Majorities.
Proportional Representation (PR) was invented in the late 1800s. It ends some problems caused by plurality rule. So most democracies adopted PR in the 1900s. It elects several people to represent each large district. PR can give a group that wins, say 10% of the votes, 10% of the council seats; thus PR always gives large groups their fair shares of seats. It leads to broad representation of issues and opinions. But usually there is no central party (C in picture); and the two biggest parties rarely work together. So the side with the most seats (blue and black) forms the ruling majority;— and then enacts policies skewed toward their side.

1 rep stands far left, 2 on left of 2 at center, 3 on right, 1 far right.

LAWS

Ensemble Elected by Central and PR Rules

2000s: Ensemble Councils lead to Broad, Centered Majorities.
New ensemble councils will elect most reps by PR, plus a few by a central voting rule (C in picture). The next page shows how a central rule picks winners with wide appeal and views near the middle of the voters. Its winners are thus near the middle of a PR council. So they are the council's powerful swing votes. Most voters in the winners' wide base of support don't like averaged or centrist policies. They want policies to unite the best ideas from all groups.

A “centrist policy” enacts a narrow point of view; it excludes other
opinions and needs. A “one-sided policy” also ignores rival ideas.
A “compromise policy” tries to negotiate rival plans, but opposing
plans forced together often work poorly.

In contrast, a “balanced policy” unites compatible ideas from
all sides. This process needs advocates for diverse proposals.
And more than that, it needs powerful moderators.

A broad balanced majority works to enact broad balanced policies
— which give the greatest chance for happiness to the greatest
number of people. Excellent policies are a goal of accurate democracy.
Their success is measured in a typical voter's education and income,
safety and freedom, leisure and health.

Old tally rules often cause one-sided results and tragedies.
An ensemble is inclusive; yet it is strongly centered and decisive.
So it can make the organization popular, yet stable and quick.
The best rules for spending and policies follow this pattern...

...as you can see on the quick graphic tour of great ways to vote.

1 Chair	2 Reps	3 Council	4 Policy	5 Projects	6 Budgets
A Map to Accurate Democracy Six practical uses for voting shape this ebook. You may read the introductions to the tasks to see their variety. The concepts build from one use of voting to the next.
Elections			Legislation
Choice ballots Tally pictures Tally table Instant Runoff Other rules Voting tactics Voting districts	Merits of PR Women in PR STV for PR Visual STV Graphics 2 2D charts PR ballots	Merits Merits 2 CW+STV Other rules Notes Seats Shares	Motions Ballots Trades Tactics Cycles Other rules Amend	Uses Needs Notes Sim Ballots Tallies LAR	$ Follies Ballots Other rules Notes Medians HZ Points Coalitions
Condorcet's rule fills chapter 1 on electing a chairperson. Chapter 4 on setting a policy looks at it more deeply. Chapters 3 and 5 also use it. Transferable votes are introduced by IRV and STV in chapters 1 and 2. Chapters 5 and 6 show how they can fund projects and departments.

The key terms of this ebook (fair shares, mandates, transferable votes and Condorcet tallies) occur in almost every chapter. So the Table of Contents may help more than a search.

Printouts.

español.

The voting simulation shows the character of each rule.
But it requires a basic knowledge of voting rules.
The free software for voting does too.

We welcome questions, comments and corrections:

Next: the voting-rule primer

The Primer builds up to these conclusions:

Many people are excited to learn
that voting can lead to fair shares.

The best voting rules strengthen the ballots for voters.
So they strengthen the mandates for winners.
That means they lift the proven support for:
a Chairperson from a plurality to a majority;
a Council from a plurality to over three quarters;
a Budget from a few power blocs to all members;
a Policy from a one-sided to an over-all majority.
Politics is more principled and
governance more legitimate with
fair shares for seats and money, and
true majorities for executives and policies.
Different voting tasks need
different kinds of voting rules.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Irish playwright G. B. Shaw satirized chauvinist pride
and ignorance in some leaders of the British Empire.

Back to humor question 1

Searching for more? This discipline is fractured by many synonyms. Even its title varies: some call it public choice; others prefer social choice. College courses that look at voting theory include economics and comparative politics or comparative government. The table below has many terms that can help you find similar web sites.

You will find most of these terms include topics other than formulas for calculating winners from ballots. Searching for "voting systems" will bring you most often to sites that sell voting equipment. So will "election systems" and "ballot systems". "Election rules" bring up ballot access, campaign funding, media regulation and other laws while missing legislative voting. "Voting procedures" or "methods" suggest instructions for casting ballots. "Tally rules" is good but may neglect ballots or mean tallies of things other than votes. "Voting rules" seems the simplest term for ways of casting and counting votes.

Search Terms	Adjectives
Nouns	Voting	Election	Tally	Ballot
Rules	voting rules	election rules	tally rules	ballot rules
Systems	voting systems	election systems	tally systems	ballot systems
Methods	voting methods	election methods	tally methods	ballot methods
Procedures	voting procedures	election procedures	tally procedures	ballot procedures

The election chapters' terms for electing, nominating or selecting a:
1) chairperson, chair, chairman, chairmen, chairwoman, chairwomen; president, prime minister or judge;
2) representative, rep, senator, congressman, congresswoman, minister, member, MP or delegate -- representatives, reps, senators, congressmen, congresswomen, ministers, members, MPs or delegates;
3) council, legislature, parliament, house of commons, senate, congress, house of representatives, assembly, meeting, convention, board of directors or sub committee;

The legislation chapters' terms to enact, set, pass, fund or budget:
1) policies, programs, laws, rules or regulations;
2) projects, grants, earmarks or proposals;
3) budgets, departments, agencies or programs;

Please try PoliticalSim tm (political sim), a free open-source political simulation game for Windows, and SimElection tm, electoral simulation software for Macintosh, for interactive simulations of approval voting, Borda rule, Condorcet rules (Minimax or Copeland), instant runoff voting (IRV, alternative vote, Hare), majority rule, plurality rule (aka first past the post, FPTP), proportional representation (list PR, full representation, proportional voting), single transferable vote (STV, choice voting), cumulative vote, limited vote, bloc vote and other voting rules.

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