Other Rules for其他规则
Fair Share Spending公平地分享支出

Simplistic Allocation Rule, SAR 简单化的分配规则 ， 特区

Allowing partial funding of a project to accumulate for a few years lets a small group of voters fund a large project.允许部分资金的一个项目，积累了几年让一小部分选民基金的一个大项目。 This avoids the need to eliminate the weakest items and transfer funds until all items are either fully funded or eliminated.这避免了必须消除最薄弱的项目和资金转移，直到所有的项目都充分的资金或取消。 (Recall that STV transfers weight from losers.) （回想超视转让体重从输家。 ）

Flaws of SAR缺陷特区

A preliminary vote could decide which items are public goods through approval voting with a [one-third] requirement.初步投票才能决定哪些项目是公共物品，通过投票批准了[三分之一]的要求。 But this is not a [one-third] mandate to proceed nor a group decision about which items are cost effective -- so a better rule is needed and should require only one ballot and tally.但是，这不是一个[三分之一]任务，也不是一个集团决定哪些项目是最具成本效益的-这样一个更好的规则是必要的，应要求只有一个投票和统计。

An item funded by 1 or 2 council members does not have a mandate; other members are not invested in its success.项目经费由1个或2个安理会成员没有一个任务;其他成员不投资于它的成功。 Thus SAR engenders an economic climate of selfishness rather than mutual support.因此，特区的经济环境下产生的自私，而不是相互支持。

All of these problems are solved by Movable Money Votes.所有这些问题都解决了活钱票。

Adapting STV Software to Tally MMV 适应超视软件统计蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV

This software may be good enough where there are over a hundred voters, and where the cheapest projects allowed costs enough to need the weight of at least [ten] percent of the voters.该软件可不够好那里有超过一百名选民，并在最便宜的项目 ， 允许费用需要足够的重量至少有[ 10 ]百分之选民。 Clubs and home-owner associations often fit these criteria.俱乐部和家庭业主协会往往符合这些标准。

A simple example may illustrate.一个简单的例子可以说明。 There are 100 voters and the fund has $100,000 -- so each voter's share will be $1,000.有100个选民，该基金已十点零万美元-所以每个选民中的份额将由1000美元。 They decide that each proposal must have at least 10 supporters to qualify it as a public good worthy of public funds.他们决定，每一个提案必须有至少10名支持者在限定它作为一种公益值得公共资金。 Therefore the cheapest project allowed must cost $10,000 (10 voters' shares).因此，最便宜的项目，必须允许费用$ 10000 （ 10选民的股份） 。 Projects which cost more, 15,000 or 20,000 dollars, will need money from more than 10 voters.项目成本， 15000或20000美元，将需要的资金超过10选民。

Let's say project K costs $10,000.比方说，项目K费用10,000元。 Now if 11 voters give it top rank, they offer more than enough money, so the project keeps roughly 91.% of each offer and gives about 9% back to each voter.现在，如果11日的选民提供一流，它们提供足够多的钱，所以该项目保持约91 。 ％的提议，让每个约9 ％回每个选民。 0.91 × 11. 0.91 × 11 。 = 10.1 = 10.1

Another ballot gives each voter $100 and is for items costing more than $1,000 -- again the full weight of ten voters.另一轮投票，给每个选民100美元，并为项目价值超过1000美元-再次充分重量10选民。

But dividing the projects into arbitrary cost categories is not ideal (just as corralling voters in arbitrary districts limits their democratic choices).但是，除以项目纳入任意费用类别不理想（就像corralling选民任意地区限制了它们的民主选择） 。
A) It makes someone decide in advance how much to put in each category; the individual voter can not change that on his ballots for each category. a ）它使某人决定提前多少将在每个类别;个别选民不能改变，在他的票数为每个类别。
B) It makes cheap projects compete only with other cheap projects. b ）该项目的竞争，使廉价的只有与其他廉价的项目。 One category might be much more competitive then the others.其中一个类别可能是更具竞争力然后其他人。
C) It leads sponsors to play tactical games with project prices, dividing or combining projects to fit the price categories. c ）它导致提案发挥战术游戏项目的价格，分割或合并，以适应项目的价格类别。

Advanced Electoral Rules先进的选举规则

Brain Meek and CHE Warren each modified STV to defeat that strategy -- to make each voter helps pay for the winners he ranked highest.脑米克和车沃伦每个修改过的超视打败这一战略-使每个选民帮助支付获奖者，他的最高纪录。 Their methods are needed more for fair-share spending than for proportional representation if the typical voter helps fund several projects.他们的方法是需要更多的公平分配支出的比例比一般选民如果有助于基金几个项目。

Advanced Spending Rules先进的消费规则

A tally must test that each project meets two requirements: the quota of 10 supporters and its cost.计数必须测试，每个项目符合两个要求：配额的10个支持者和成本。 If the two quotas were separate, which would determine eliminations?如果这两个单独的配额，这将确定冲销？

[ Again, a simplistic rule can use two tallies. [同样，一个简单的规则可以使用两个吻合。 The first ballot asks voters to approve projects as public goods.第一轮投票中询问选民批准项目的公共物品。 A project that wins at least [10] approvals goes on the STV ballot and that tally allows a single voter to fund it.一个项目，赢得至少[ 10 ]接着批准的超视统计选票，并允许一个单一的选民，以提供资金。 But that does mean [10] voters feel it is worthy of public funds or that it is cost effective -- so a better rule is needed and should require only one ballot and tally.但是，这并不意味着[ 10 ]的选民认为，这是值得的公共资金，或者是符合成本效益的-这样一个更好的规则是必要的，应要求只有一个投票和统计。 ] ]

We can limit the amount a voter may " offer " a project to 10% of its cost.我们可以限制数量的选民可能会“ 提供 ”一个项目， 10 ％的成本。 Then if 10 voters each offer 10%, the project meets both its quota of supporters and its cost.然后，如果每10个选民提供10 ％ ，该项目可满足其配额的支持者和它的成本。 A quota of such offers includes both money and votes.配额等提供包括资金和选票。

MMV1 copies STV: each ballot votes for its current top choice only -- even if that offer uses less than the ballot's full weight. MMV1副本超视：每次投票票数目前唯一的首选 -即使提供使用少于选票的充分重视。 Thus a score given to a low choice cannot take weight from a high choice, until it is eliminated.因此，评分考虑选择低体重不能从一个高的选择，直至将其消灭。 This ends any temptation to cast a "punishing vote", a low score for a close rival.这个目的任何诱惑，投下了“惩罚投票” ，低评分有密切的竞争对手。

Flaws in MMV1 This creates a problem: If a voter's current top choice is cheap, then most of his share is not helping any project avoid elimination. 缺陷MMV1这将创建一个问题：如果选民目前最廉价的选择是，然后他的大部分份额不是帮助避免消除任何项目。 We could say this ballot is " stuck ".我们可以说本次投票是“ 坚持 ” 。

Under MMV1 a rep could contribute all of her money to 1 item.根据MMV1 1代表将有助于她的所有的钱1个项目。 Chances are no 1 item is the top priority for a full majority of her constituents.机会没有1个项目是最优先的充分多数她成分。 So funding only 1 project would make the rep unpopular.因此，资金只有1个项目将使代表不得人心。

MMV1 is clumsy. MMV1是拙劣的。 There are several improvements which may lead to a set of winners with greater value to the voters.有一些改进，可能会导致一系列获奖者更大的价值选民。

An item that is first choice on few ballots may be a second or third choice on many ballots and so get offers in later rounds after transfers.一个项目是第一选择少数票数可能是第二次或第三次的选择很多选票，这样获取报价后，在以后的几轮转让。 Items top rated by only a few voters are eliminated quickly.项目评价最高的只有少数几个选民迅速消除。 Eventually some item reaches quota.最终一些项目达到配额。 Unlike STV, MMV1 must then revive all eliminated items after a win because a voter can help fund several items.与超视，然后恢复 MMV1必须消除所有的项目，因为后一个双赢的选民可以帮助基金几个项目。

1) Tally until all projects are funded or eliminated, then exclude the last loser at the end of the last round, and run the whole tally again. 1 ）统计，直到所有项目的资金或取消，然后排除最后的输家在年底的最后一轮，和运行整个统计一次。 The last loser had the best chance it could ever get; all higher preferences were funded or eliminated and still it could not get the funding it needed.最后输了最好的机会可能都够;所有较高的优惠资助或取消，仍然无法获得所需的资金。 Some voters were stuck on this last loser while their other high choices were eliminated.一些选民已停在了这最后的输家，而其他高选择被取消了。 Perhaps some of those others could win if the "sticky item" were excluded from later tallies.]也许其中的一些其他可能赢得如果“粘”项目被排除在稍后吻合。 ]

MMVa would let a ballot give one offer to each of its top choices, for as many as it can afford . MMVa让选票给每一个愿意选择它的顶端， 因为许多 ， 因为它能够负担得起 。 But then a ballot would give no more help to its first choice than to its third choice if it has enough money for both.但随后的投票将没有更多的帮助的第一选择，而不是它的第三个选择，如果它有足够的钱为。 That might be OK in a large electorate, but with less than 1000 voters it might fund lower choices and miss some top priorities.这可能是确定在一个大型的选民，但低于1000年的选民可能减少基金的选择和错过一些最优先事项。 Also, a groups with a near quota of ballots still can get stuck on a top choice that cannot quite reach quota.此外，团体，近配额的选票仍然可以停在了一个选择，不能完全达到配额。 Those ballot weights go unspent throughout the tally.这些选票未动用整个重量去计数。 At the end, other voters have no money left to help the group fund its lower choices.最后，其他选民没有钱，帮助该集团基金较低的选择。

Unsticking and __ : The tally may let the voter or ballot help several top choices at once. Unsticking和__ ：计数可能让选民或投票帮助几个顶端选择一次。 This can preserve the principle that later choices must not hurt the top choice.这可以维护的原则，以后的选择绝不能伤害的首选。

The relation between STV and MMV is demonstrated by setting MMV software to tally an STV rule.之间的关系，超视和蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV ，这表明软件设置蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV吻合的超视规则。 MMV software can tally STV.蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV软件可以统计超视。 Each voter's share of weight is set at one dollar.每名选民中的份额的重量定为一美元。 The fund of dollars is set to equal the number of voters.该基金的美元将平等的选民人数。 Each candidate's cost or Hare quota is set at the number of voters divided by the number of seats.)每个候选人的费用或兔配额定为的选民人数除以席位。 ）

There are several ways to solve this.有几种方法来解决这个。 Both respect "the principle" that later choices must not hurt the top choice.既尊重“的原则” ，后来选择，绝不能伤害的首选。 One respects "utility values" set by the voter.一个尊重“实用价值”所规定的选民。

The MMV tally page shows one way to modify STV so it tests each project for both breadth of support (number of voters) and for intensity of support (money from each supporter).蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV统计页显示的方法之一来修改测试超视所以每个项目都广泛支持（的选民人数）和强度的支持（钱从每个支持者） 。

Of course, a voter is more likely to win his favorite if he gives it more than one vote as shown on the ballot page.  The tally page detailed how a ballot apportions money and votes among a voter's top-rated items.当然，选民更可能赢得他最喜欢的，如果他给了它一票以上的选票上显示网页。计数页详细如何分摊金钱选票和投票的选民中的顶级项目。 To play with apportioning money, download the ballot. To learn by doing it with a group, try tabletop voting .发挥分摊的钱，下载投票 。要了解这样它与一组，尝试桌面表决 。 All types of voting can be improved and that is most evident in funding rules.所有类型的投票可以得到提高，这是最明显的资金规则。 This site divides project funding into several web pages.这个网站分为项目资金分成几个网页。 This page has explained the logic and arithmetic of the Loring Allocation Rule.本页面已经解释的逻辑和算术的罗林分配细则。 The next 2 pages explore optional features for LAR.未来2页探索可选功能的拉尔。 Sorry to say, those pages still show the creative disorder that often occurs during research and development.遗憾地说，这些网页仍然显示创造性障碍，往往发生在研究和发展。

The next two pages will describe inferior, non-STV methods that approximate Fair-share Spending (FS).在未来两页将描述下，非超视的方法，近似公平分享消费率（ FS ） 。 The Minority Funding Process ( MFP ) is done by a show of hands.少数民族筹资进程（ 多功能 ）是由举手。 It feels tedious to some voters and limits the numbers of proposals and voters, but it has worked.它感到乏味和部分选民的人数限制和选民的建议，但它的工作。 The Limited Utility rule can be calculated on a simple spreadsheet.的用处有限的规则可以计算出一个简单的电子表格。

NEW Free software in p_fund.htm gives a feel for scores, preferred budgets, quotas, offers, and power. 新的免费软件p_fund.htm给出了感觉分数，首选预算，配额，优惠，和力量。 Download and play with the interactive ballot.下载和播放的互动投票。 Microsoft Excel 5 or higher is required. Microsoft Excel中5或更高的要求。
p_options.htm explains how MMV can keep the order of winners and eliminations from making a popular item lose; how voters may avoid buying 2 of a kind in rival proposals; and how most variations on MMV reduce to the rule explained above plus a second variable with the same effect as quota. p_options.htm说明如何蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV能保持秩序的赢家和冲销从一个热门项目失去;如何选民可能会避免购买2一种竞争对手的建议;以及如何最变化对蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV减少的规则解释上述加上第二个变数与相同的效果配额。
fundRank.htm presents tables and charts showing variations on utility curves. fundRank.htm介绍表格和图表显示变化的效用曲线。
z_future.htm sketches ideas for other funding rules. z_future.htm草图想法其他筹资规则。 (Humor: The latter pages show the creative disorder that occurs during evolutionary divergence when species proliferate.) （幽默：后者网页显示了创造性的骚乱期间发生分歧时，物种进化扩散。 ）
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