Unusual Political Quotes不寻常的政治行情

“Two very different ideas are usually confounded under the name democracy. “两个完全不同的想法通常是混淆的名义下的民主。 The pure idea of democracy, according to its definition, is the government of the whole people by the whole people, equally represented.纯粹的民主理念，根据其定义，是全民政府的全体人民的，平等的代表。 Democracy as commonly conceived and hitherto practised is the government of the whole people by a mere majority of the people, exclusively represented.民主作为共同的设想和迄今实行的是全民政府的仅仅是最广大人民的，完全代表出席了会议。 The former is synonymous with the equality of all citizens; the latter, strangely confounded with it, is a government of privilege, in favour of the numerical majority, who alone possess practically any voice in the State.前者是同义词，所有公民一律平等;后者，这奇怪的困惑，是政府的特权，赞成的简单多数，谁就有拥有几乎任何声音的情况。 This is the inevitable consequence of the manner in which the votes are now taken, to the complete disfranchisement of minorities.”这是不可避免的后果的方式，投票后，现在，彻底disfranchisement少数人。 “
--John Stuart Mill, Representative Government, 1861 -弥尔，代表性的政府， 1861年

“[P]olitical philosophers have long perceived electoral democracy itself as a partisan issue. “ [ P ]政治哲学家早就认为选举民主本身作为一个党派的问题。 [One] school of thought argues that every political government has partisans who are fundamentally against democratic values (in favor of property rights).” “[T]he movement towards capitalistic free markets and global economic integration require 'less' participatory government at the nation-state level... [ 1 ]的思想流派认为，每一个政治政府游击队员谁基本上是对民主价值观的（有利于知识产权） 。 “ ” [ Ť ]他走向资本主义自由市场和全球经济一体化的需要'少'参与政府的民族国家一级... it's an economic reason, and a fundamental one.”这是经济原因，并从根本上一个。 “

[They] “would also prefer 'limited government' - and thus would also tend to advocate the curtailment of democratic politics and the role of government.... [他们] “还倾向于'有限政府' - ，因此也往往主张限制民主政治和政府的作用.... Isn't this what the [US Constitution's] Framers argued?”难道这不是什么[美国宪法]成帧器争辩？ “
--Edward Riquelme -爱德华里克尔梅

Democratic control of the public sphere is necessitated by “market failures” including externalities (such as pollution), and abuse of natural monopolies (such as the computer operating system, or utility distribution grids of pipes and wires).民主党控制的公共领域是必要的“市场失灵” ，包括外部因素（如污染） ，和性虐待的自然垄断（如计算机操作系统，或者实用分配网的管道和电线） 。

“Free market” implies free from regulation - just what the big monopolist wants. “自由市场”意味着不受规例-正是大垄断希望。 “Competitive market” is a better term for the efficient economy. “竞争的市场”是一个更好的长期的有效的经济。 “Open markets” make that competition possible through low “barriers to entry” for new companies. “开放市场”的竞争可能使通过低“进入壁垒”的新公司。 Government regulation can help reduce barriers, maintain a healthy number of competitors and so prevent corrupt monopolies and oligarchies.政府调控可以帮助减少贸易壁垒，保持健康的一些竞争对手，因此防止腐败和寡头垄断。

Early Democracy and Mathematics早期的民主和数学

from Mathematics Teaching and Political Freedom: the unnoticed connection by Colin Hannaford从数学教学和政治自由 ： 注意方面的 科林汉纳福德

“Democracy can be understood as a science - fundamentally of mathematics; and also as philosophy or religion (depending on whether one sees that it has a spiritual basis of not) that acts not to separate people but to join them. “民主可以被理解为一门科学-从根本上数学; ，也是哲学或宗教（取决于人们看到，它有一个精神基础，没有）的行为不单独的人，而是加入他们。

“The original purpose of mathematics teaching... “最初的目的数学教学... is unknown to all but a handful of classical historians.未知所有，但少数古典历史学家。 They know that the style of argument on which mathematics depends was always intended to give more political freedom to ordinary people, to increase their confidence in democracy.他们知道，作风论点上数学取决于总是旨在使更多的政治自由，普通百姓，以增强其信心的民主。 Its purpose is to persuade people to accept logical truths freely and voluntarily, not to be bullied or oppressed by dogma or dogmatists to accept their ideas as absolute truths.其目的是说服人们接受逻辑真理自由和自愿的，不可欺或压迫的教条或dogmatists接受他们的想法是绝对真理。

“This pattern of logic had also a definite beginning. “这种模式的逻辑也有一定的开端。 It was developed spontaneously in early democratic Greece c.它是自发的早期民主希腊角 500 BC to encourage ordinary people to take part in democracy, to help them to resist being over-awed and confused by the rich and their lawyers who were trained in the clever use of rhetoric. 500年，以鼓励普通民众参与的民主，以帮助它们抵制过度敬畏和困惑的丰富和他们的律师进行了培训谁的聪明使用空谈。 Rhetoric was certainly persuasive as well.肯定是有说服力的修辞以及。 But rather than logic it used imagery and drama, emotions and myth, and as its teachers proudly boasted it could be used to prove anything to anyone.但是它的逻辑，而不是用于图像和戏剧，情感和神话，并作为其教师自豪地吹嘘它可被用来向任何人证明什么。 The truth of this boast was destroying democracy.真相吹嘘是破坏民主。

“Mathematics was freed from its logical prison by the German Austrian Jew Kurt Gödel in 1931. “数学是摆脱其逻辑监狱由德国奥地利犹太人哥德尔在1931年。 Europe owes her freedom to him as much as to any figure in history.欧洲欠她的自由，他多达任何数字的历史。 Gödel showed that mathematics can never be completed as a perfect system.哥德尔表明，数学永远不能完成一个完美的系统。 Suddenly totalitarian politics lost their model, as well as their ultimate justification.突然失去了他们的极权主义的政治模式，以及他们的最终理由。 As Humboldt once remarked, if freedom is to exist there must be diversity .洪堡曾经说过， 如果自由是存在的 ， 必须有多样性 。 Democracy is the only way to manage and benefit from diversity .民主是唯一的方法来管理和从多样性中受益 。 This is why mathematics is itself democratic.”这就是为什么数学本身就是民主的。 “

Hannaford does not cite classical sources to prove this original purpose of mathematics.汉纳福德不举古典来源证明这一初衷数学。 The Pythagoreans certainly were religious about math and relatively egalitarian regarding women.在肯定了宗教Pythagoreans约数学和相对平等的关于妇女。

Does a person's or population's math ability correlate with democratic relationships or tolerance of diversity?没有一个人或人口的数学能力与民主的关联关系或容忍多样性？ US Women support diversity more than US men do.美国女子支持多样性超过了男性。 Men do better than women at math in US schools — perhaps the teaching style encourages rote not independent or critical thinking.男性比女性做得更好数学在美国学校-这也许是教学方式鼓励死记硬背不是独立或批判性思维。

Many who research voting rules also teach mathematics.许多研究表决规则谁也教数学。 A notable example is the director of the Mathematics Olympiad Learning Centre , Arkadii Slinko, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at The University of Auckland (New Zealand)一个显着的例子是主任数学竞赛学习中心 ， Arkadii Slinko ，学系高级讲师的大学数学奥克兰（新西兰）

Old and New Classics on 旧与新的经典
Authoritarian versus Egalitarian专制与平等

Hannaford's assertion is one example of the many correlations writers have claimed to find between personality traits and support for democracy.汉纳福德的论断是一个例子，许多相关的作家声称找到与人格特质和支持民主。

The Authoritarian Personality may be induced by an upbringing of rigid discipline and conditional affection. 威权人格可诱导的培养严明的纪律和有条件的感情。 This 1950 book by Theodor Adorno and others developed a scale to measure “an estimate of fascist receptivity.” It is essential to understand that most authoritarians are not the top dogs.这本书1950年由西奥多阿多诺和其他发达国家的规模来衡量“的估计法西斯接受。 ”关键是要认识到，最authoritarians不顶端狗。 Instead, they are followers who support the hierarchy and its inherent suppression of freedom.相反，他们的追随者支持谁的等级和其固有的压制。

Born to Rebel by Dr. Frank Sulloway proves there is a better than average chance that someone who supports a revolution (in a scientific theory or a government) was a latter-born child.  But if someone supports change and uses violence , there is a better than average chance that they were firstborn.  Many firstborns learn to be more authoritarian than their younger siblings.  The oldest child is usually higher in the family's pecking order, enforces parental rules, and can physically dominate smaller children.  Latter-born children improve their chances of survival by other means.  Arguing for fair shares might be one.  Sulloway, a MacArthur Fellow, also co-authored a major review of research, Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition in Psychological Bulletin, 2003, Vol. 129, No. 3. 出生叛乱博士弗兰克萨洛韦证明有更好的机会比一般人谁支持革命（在科学理论或政府）是一个后出生的孩子。但是如果有人支持的变化和使用暴力 ，有高于平均水平的机会，他们是第一个。许多firstborns学习更加专制比他们幼小的弟妹。最早的儿童通常是较高的家庭中的顺序，执行父母的规则，并能实际控制较小的儿童。后期出生的孩子改善其的生存机会通过其他手段。主张公平的股票可能是一个。萨洛韦，麦克阿瑟研究员，还共同编写了一次重大审查，研究， 政治保守主义作为激励社会认知心理公告， 2003年，第二卷。 129 ，第3号。